Contribution to the reduction of the effects of bacterial nosocomial infections, particularly on Gram-negative bacteria

'A hospital-acquired infection, also known as a nosocomial infection, is an infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facility. In the US, the cdc.gov estimated that roughly 1.7 million Healthcare-Associated infections, from all types of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi combined, cause or contribute to 99,000 deaths each year. In Europe, where hospital surveys have been conducted, the category of gram-negative infections are estimated to account for two-thirds of the 25,000 deaths each year. Many types display antimicrobial resistance, which can complicate treatment.'
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WikipediaNosocomial infections
  • Gram‑negative sepsis and shockG16
    • In the modern hospital gram negative bacteraemia and the associated condition of septic shock are common occurrences. In the United States the estimated incidence of gram negative bacteraemia ranges from 71,000 to 330,000 cases annually. Fatalities attributed to this disease are between 18,000 and 132,000 each year. Sepsis is defined as a systemic disease caused by microorganisms or their products in the blood. Bacteraemia is the presence of viable organisms in the circulation. Gram negative bacteraemia in the critically ill patient is synonymous with gram negative sepsis. Septic shock is a clinical syndrome characterized by circulatory insufficiency and inadequate tissue perfusion. Septic shock is associated primarily although not exclusively with gram negative bacilli. The underlying illness of the patient is the primary factor determining the outcome of an episode of gram negative bacteraemia. Patients with a life threatening disorder have a very poor prognosis, while sepsis in a previously healthy person carries a good prognosis. The overall mortality in gram negative bacteraemia is 25%. When septic shock develops, the mortality increases to 50‑60%. Appropriate antibiotics that are synergistic against the infecting organism can decrease the mortality, but the overwhelming influence of host factors in predicting the outcome suggests that prevention and early treatment are the best means of decreasing mortality.
  • Changes in the incidence of multiresistant pathogens and its consequences in the intensive care unitG17
    • Incidence of nosocomial infections and antibiotics resistance in intensive care units is increasing worldwide. Blood stream infections of Gram negative non fermentive bacteria are associated with higher mortality. Aim and methods: The aim of this study was to compare the antibiotic sensitivity of nosocomial blood stream infections between years 2008–2010. Results: There was no difference in the sensitivity of methycillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli infections between the two years examined. Antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas infections showed a marked increase in 2010 when compared to that found in 2008: there was no multi resistant Acinetobacter infection in samples obtained in 2008, but all these infections were found to be sensitive only to colistin in samples investigated in 2010. Sensitivity of Pseudomonas infections to carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam decreased significantly during this time. In addition, the authors found that the mortality of multi resistant Gram negative blood stream infections was higher compared to that caused by non multi resistant bacteria. The active agents in garlic, white horehound and bile acids, due to their antibacterial effect, can be used effectively against Gram negative bacteria that cause the majority of nosocomial infections!

 

White horehound (Marrubium vulgare)

supports the intestinal tract, contributes to healthy digestion and to proper liver and bile function

  • Its appetite enhancing and digestion stimulatingD1 effect is related to its bitter substance content. Bitter taste improves appetite reflexively and supports digestion by increasing the secretion of digestive fluids.

Turmeric and black pepper (Curcuma longa and Piper nigrum)

supports the immune system, lung and respiratory tract health. It provides protection against allergies and has a significant antioxidant function

  • Turmeric also has an effect of increasing bile production and contracting the gallbladder. The antispasmodic effect of its extract contributes to its efficacy in alleviating digestive disordersE15. Turmeric extract decreases triglyceride levels, which can be partly explained by increased bile productionE9.
  • The majority of clinical data on turmeric come from studies with turmeric from India. The biliary (bile flow increasing) and digestion improving (reducing dyspeptic symptoms) effects of turmeric have been proven in human studiesE18, but no comprehensive clinical studies have been done to date. The cholesterol reducing effect of turmeric has been proven in several clinical trials and in their meta analysisE10.
  • Centuries of oriental folk experience and informative scientific studies support the anti-inflammatory effect of the drug and clinical evidence to the same effect is also availableE10. The anti inflammatory effect of curcuminoids has been confirmed by the positive results of several human trials, their consumption alleviated joint painsE12. Several clinical trials have indicated that curcumin – presumably due to its anti inflammatory function – relieves the symptoms of ulcerative colitisE11.

King Of Bitters (Andrographis paniculata)

supports the body’s natural defences, especially in the upper respiratory tract

  • It has a hepatoprotective and antioxidant function internallyC16.

Bile acids

  • Bile acids reduce digestive and biliary complaints caused by bile deficiency thus significantly supporting the weakened immune system. They also neutralize endotoxins released from the necrosed cell walls of Gram negative bacteria that are the cause of numerous diseases. Bile acids inhibit the spread of several strains of viruses (influenza, corona, hepatitis, herpes/Epstein Barr, HIV, EBOLA) by preventing virions from biding to the membrane of host cells, thus impeding the production of viruses, but they also break down the virion host cell bond in viruses already produced.
  • NATURAL IMMUNITY. „The Role of Bile Acids in Physico‑Chemical Host Defence” F14 F43 Bile acids regulate immunity, according to the latest international research, immunity depends on bile acids.
    • „The important effect of bile acids, what we have discovered (since then others have confirmed the results of our studies) is the special protection of the human body, expressing itself in the bowel system. We have been inspired by the in vitro experiments of an American research group, which observed that the treatment of endotoxin with a bile acid, sodium deoxycholate, resulted in the production of small atoxic units. On the basis of these findings, we considered the possibility that bile acids may play an important role in vivo in the detoxification of endotoxin. Bacterial endotoxin chemically is a lipopolysaccharide molecule, in which the toxic moiety has been identified as the lipid portion‑rich in fatty acids. On the basis of the above observations, one may suggest that bile acids detoxify endotoxin within the gastrointestinal tract. We have named this protective process as „physio‑chemical host defence”. The basis of this defence mechanism is the detergent effect of bile acids. The virus of yellow fever and other athropod borne viruses (Flaviviridae‑family according to present taxonomy) are inactivated. We named this protection system, based on the surfactant (detergent) effect of bile acids „physico‑chemical host defence” (Bertók, 2002). Weaker or stronger endotoxemia due to bile deficiency may play a role in several forms of the disease, such as septic shock, renal insufficiency in patients with jaundice due to bile duct obstruction, intestinal ischemia, burn shock, radiation sickness, certain endocrine disorders, psoriasis, or the development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, bile acids can be effectively used to prevent or cure some of these diseases (kidney failure, psoriasis). All of the effects that damage the intestinal mucosa have been shown to reduce or prevent altogether the production of a peptide, cholecystokinin (CCK), in the absence of which the gallbladder cannot empty the bile into the gut and, in its partial absence, endotoxins produced by the disintegration of bacteria may be “absorbed” and reach the circulation causing endotoxemia, or – in more severe cases – shock. It can be concluded that „physico‑chemical host defence”, that based on the surface‑active property of bile acids is a general defence mechanism of the human body, which is not confined to bacterial endotoxins but refers to all the “agents” (such as some viruses) having lipoid (peplons) or lipoprotein structure on their surface. Therefore, we can add „physico‑chemical host defence” to the line‑up of general defence mechanisms of the human body, which trustees are bile acids, produced in the liver and taking part in the enterohepatic circulation.
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G16 – Gram negative sepsis and shock

Gram negative sepsis and shock Download – PDF Abstract In the modern hospital gram negative bacteremia and the associated condition of septic shock are common occurrences. In the United States the estimated incidence of gram negative bacteremia ranges from 71,000

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